In this study, we estimate a complete demAND system for Iran that emphasizes main groups demAND, using the CBS differential demAND system specification. The results of this study, indicated that the expenditure ELASTICITY of “Furniture AND upholstery” AND “Transportation AND communication” groups are greater than one, AND expenditure ELASTICITY of “Housing group”; “Hygiene AND medical care” AND “Clothing AND Footwear ” lesser than one. Also, the lowest COMPENSATED own-price ELASTICITY AND the lowest unCOMPENSATED own-price ELASTICITY are found for Food AND for “Clothing AND Footwear”, respectively. From the COMPENSATED cross-price elasticities view point, some groups are Allen-Hicks complements, although the values of elasticities are small (For example Hygiene AND medical care AND Food).

This study has considered the demAND for main groups of goods AND foods in urban families in Iran by using two-stage budgeting. In this case, we used the data during 1979-2002. It has used the Almost Ideal DemAND System (AIDS) to estimate expenditure share equations for main groups of goods AND foods. For analyzing the demAND of each kind of goods AND foods, it has calculated the own AND cross price ELASTICITY AND expenditure ELASTICITY for them. The results of this study have indicated that; in the first stage AND for urban society, foods are inelastic with respect to income AND COMPENSATED price, AND have ELASTICITY near one respect to unCOMPENSATED price. In urban society, foods have lower income ELASTICITY AND it shows that these goods are necessary for urban consumers. The results show that in urban societies, housing AND transportation groups are luxury goods AND other groups are necessary AND in urban families food bundle, the whole main food groups have high price ELASTICITY AND most of them have high income ELASTICITY.

The demAND for food is estimated within a system framework. The seperability structure of the model is checked by a parametric test. The almost ideal demAND system is estimated by seemingly unrelated regression in the static AND dynamic version based on the time series data for 1974-2003 in Iran. The results of various specification AND misspecification tests suggest that the static version performs poorly as compared with the dynamic version.The results of seperability structure rejected hypothesis saying consumers first allocate their income among different food groups AND then within subgroup of meat. The COMPENSATED AND un-COMPENSATED own-price ELASTICITY is negative AND the income ELASTICITY is positive.

Facilities built in areas affected by earthquake activity, such as tunnels, which have always been an integral part of human life, must withstAND both dynamic AND static loading. It has led to the need for practical studies on the effects of earthquakes on underground structures AND the factors affecting their destruction. For this purpose, in this research, at first different patterns of tunnel’s excavation were investigated AND by using Plaxis 2D software AND based on Tabas earthquake in Iran, sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the soil surrounding tunnel such as cohesion, friction angle, unit weight AND modulus of ELASTICITY was carried out, AND the parameters whose changes have the greatest AND least effects on the bending moment changes on the tunnel lining are introduced. The results show that tunnel excavation patterns significantly affect the bending moment, axial forces, displacements, AND surface settlement of the tunnel. Often, by dividing tunnel excavation area to small parts, the values of bending moment, axial forces, displacements, AND surface settlement of the tunnel decreases in static analysis. Also, outputs of sensitivity analysis on geotechnical parameters of the soil surrounding tunnel showed that modulus of ELASTICITY of the soil surrounding tunnel has the most effect AND cohesion changes have the least effect on bending moment induced on tunnel lining..